a) Panel Methods, Lifting Systems
The following references describe the "Standard NASA" methods, primarily developed for the U.S. SST Program;
H.W. Carlson and W.D. Middleton, "A Numerical Method for the Design of Camber Surfaces of Supersonic Wings with Arbitrary Planforms," NASA TN-D-2341, June 1964.
W.D. Middleton and H.W. Carlson, "Numerical Method of Estimating and Optimizing Supersonic Aerodynamic Characteristics of Arbitrary Planform Wings," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 2, No. 4, Aug. 1965, pp. 261-265.
H.W. Carlson and F.E. McLean, "Current Methods for Prediction and Minimization of Lift -Induced Drag at Supersonic Speeds," NASA TM-X-1275, Oct. 1966.
R.B. Sorrells and D.S. Miller, "A Numerical Method for Design of Minimum-Drag Supersonic Wing Camber with Constraints on Pitching Moment and Surface Deformation," NASA TN D-7097, Dec. 1972.
H.W. Carlson and D.S. Miller, "Numerical Methods for the Design and Analysis of Wings at Supersonic Speeds," NASA TN D-7713, Dec. 1974.
D.S. Miller, H.W. Carlson, and W.D. Middleton, "A Linearized Theory Method of Constrained Optimization for Supersonic Cruise Wing Design," Proc. of the SCAR Conf., NASA CP-001, November 1976.
H.W. Carlson and R.J. Mack, "Estimation of Leading-Edge Thrust for Supersonic Wings of Arbitrary Planform," NASA TP 1270, Oct. 1978.
The following references describe the so-called "Boeing Code," developed for NASA Langley. It uses the methods described above, and the method used in the Harris Wave Drag citation below:
W.D. Middleton, J.L. Lundry, and R.G. Coleman, "A System for Aerodynamic Design and Analysis of Supersonic Aircraft," Dec. 1980,
The following references highlight the work leading to the PAN AIR Code developed for NASA at Boeing;
F.E. Ehlers, M.A. Epton, F.T. Johnson, A.E. Magnus, and P.E. Rubbert, "An Improved Higher Order Panel Method for Linearized Supersonic Flow," AIAA Paper No. 78-15, Jan. 1978.
E.N. Tinoco, F.T. Johnson, and L.M. Freeman, "The Application of a Higher Order Panel Method to Realistic Supersonic Configurations," AIAA Paper No. 79-0274, Jan. 1979.
A.E. Magnus and M.A. Epton, "PAN AIR - Computer Program for Predicting Subsonic or Supersonic Linear Potential Flows About Arbitrary Configurations Using a Higher Order Panel Method," Vol. I, Theory Document, NASA CR-3251, 1980.
R.L. Carmichael and L.L. Erickson, "PAN AIR - A Higher Order Panel Method for Predicting Subsonic or Supersonic Linear Potential Flows About Arbitrary Configurations," AIAA Paper No. 81-1255, June 1981.
E.N. Tinoco and P.E. Rubbert, "Panel Methods: PAN AIR," ICTS Short Course on "Computational Methods in Potential Aerodynamics," Amalfi, Italy, June 1982.
The following references provide documentation of the Woodward Methods in use at Grumman;
F. Woodward, E.N. Tinoco, and J.W. Larson, "Analysis and Design of Supersonic Wing-Body Combinations, Including Flow Properties in the Near Field," Part I - Theory and Applications, NASA CR-73106, 1967 (this method is known at Grumman as Woodward I).
F.A. Woodward, "An Improved Method for the Aerodynamic Analysis of Wing-Body-Tail Configurations in Subsonic and Supersonic Flow," NASA CR-2228, Parts I and II, 1973 (this method is know at Grumman as Woodward II).
A. Cenko, "Advances in Supersonic Configuration Design," AIAA Paper No. 79-0233, 1979.
A. Cenko, "PAN AIR Applications to Complex Configurations," AIAA Paper No. 83-0007, Jan. 1983.
A. Cenko, E. Tinoco, and J. Tustaniwskyj, "PAN AIR Applications to Mutual Interference Effects Due to Close Proximity," AIAA Paper No. 84-0217, Jan. 1984.
M. Siclari, M. Visich, A. Cenko, B. Rosen, and W.H. Mason, "An Evaluation of NCOREL, PAN AIR and W12SC3 for the Prediction of Pressure on a Supersonic Maneuver Wing," AIAA Paper No. 84-0218, January 1984.
R.E. Melnik and W.H. Mason, "Mass Flux Boundary Conditions in Linear Theory," AIAA J., Vol.22, No.11, November 1984, pp.1691-1692.
b) Wave Drag
M.C. Adams, "Determination of Shapes of Boattail Bodies of Revolution for Minimum Wave Drag," NACA TN 2550, 1951.
W.T. Lord and E. Eminton, "Slender Bodies of Minimum Wave Drag," JAS, Aug. 1954, pp. 569-570.
H.M. Parker, "Minimum-Drag Ducted and Pointed Bodies of Revolution Based on Linearized Supersonic Theory," NACA R-1213, 1954.
K.C. Harder and C. Rennemann, Jr., "On Boattail Bodies of Revolution Having Minimum Wave Drag," NACA R-1271, 1955.
M.A. Ramaswamy and S. Viswanathan, "Some Observations on the Adams Body of Minimum Wave Drag," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 12, No. 12, Dec. 1975, pp. 1001-1002.
The following two reports describe the extension of the transonic area rule to supersonic speeds. The extension was evidently carried out independently by Jones and Whitcomb simultaneously;
R.T. Whitcomb and J.R. Sevier, Jr., "A Supersonic Area Rule and an Application to the Design of a Wing-Body Combination with High-Lift-Drag Ratios," NASA R-72, 1960.
R.T. Jones, "Theory of Wing-Body Drag at Supersonic Speeds," NACA R-1284, 1956
These references describe the numerical methods currently used to find the wave drag;
E. Eminton, "On the Minimization and Numerical Evaluation of Wave Drag," RAE Report Aero 2564, Nov. 1955.
E. Eminton and W.T. Lord, "Note on the Numerical Evaluation of the Wave Drag of Smooth Slender Bodies Using Optimum Area Distributions for Minimum Wave Drag," Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Jan. 1956, pp. 61-63.
E. Eminton, "On the Numerical Evaluation of the Drag Integral," ARC R&M No. 3341, Oct. 1961.
R.V. Harris, Jr., "An Analysis and Correlation of Aircraft Wave Drag," NASA TMX 947, 1964.
R.V. Harris, Jr., "A Numerical Technique for Analysis of Wave Drag at Lifting Conditions," NASA TN D-3586, May 1966.
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direct comments and suggestions to W.H. Mason, mason@aoe.vt.edu