Traditional (Classical) Controls

from the Virginia Tech Aircraft Design Information Sources pages

Military Standard, "Flying Qualities of Piloted Vehicles," MIL-STD 1797A.

Military Specification, MIL-SPEC 8785C.

Buchacker, E., Galleithner, H, Koehler, R., and Marchand, M., "Development of MIL- 8785C into a Handling Qualities Specification for a New European Fighter Aircraft," Flying Qualities, AGARD-508, Oct. 1990.

• This paper focused on the introduction of additional criteria (such as higher order system criteria, carefree handling) and the amendments of application of pertinent criteria of MIL-8785C to the development of Handling Qualities Definition Documents (HQDD) for the EFA.

Saunders, T., and Tucker, J., "Combat Aircraft Control Requirements," Aerodynamics of Combat Aircraft Controls and of Ground Effects, AGARD CP-465, Oct. 1989.

• A very good qualitative discussion of functions and requirements of controls with examples from existing British fighter/attack aircraft.

Advisory Group for Aerospace Research & Development, "Manoeuvre Limitations of Combat Aircraft," AGARD-AR- 155A.

• The descriptions of various phenomena limiting aircraft maneuverability, and the approaches to determine the maneuver limits are presented.

Thomas, D., "The Art of Flying Qualities Testing," Flying Qualities, AGARD CP-508, Oct. 1990.

• From a test pilot's point of view, the author argues for less of the unnecessary numbers and regulations in MIL-specs & FAR. He uses examples to illustrate that an airplane with good flying qualities is one that performs well in actual flight, not just on paper.

Leggett, D., and Black, G., "MIL-STD-1797 is not a Cookbook," Flying Qualities, AGARD CP-508, Oct. 1990.

• The authors claim that the subjective, closed-loop requirements of the MIL-STD- 1797 come closer to specifying qualities than do the objective, open loop requirements. They further believe that MIL- STD-1797 should be used as a specification (rather than a guideline), but designers should keep in mind that it's more important to meet the specifications' intents than just the specifications' criteria.

Wanner, J., and Carlson, J., "Comparison of French and United States Flying Qualities Requirements," Handling Qualities Criteria, AGARD CP-106, Oct. 1971.

• The goals and intent of the two sets of flying qualities requirements are shown to be generally the same.

Roskam, J., Airplane Design, Part VII: Determination of Stability, Control and Performance Characteristics: FAR and Military Requirements, published by DARcorporation, 120 East Ninth Street, Suite 2, Lawrence, KS, 66044, Phone: 1-800-327-7144.

Andrews, S., "The Nature and Use of the Rules for Judging the Acceptability for the Flying Qualities of Fixed Wing Aircraft," Handling Qualities Criteria, AGARD CP-106, Oct. 1971.

• This paper considers the general content of "Design Requirements for Service Airplanes" and "Flying Qualities of Piloted Aeroplanes" in relation to the requirements of the flight test in the assessment of fighter/attack aircraft.

Sliff, R., and LeSuer, R., "FAA Flying Qualities Requirements," Handling Qualities Criteria, AGARD CP-106, Oct. 1971.

• Projected difficulties associated with airplane handling qualities indicates a need for flexibility and change of FAR to accommodate new designs and innovations.

Anderson, S., and Schroers, L., "Revisions to V/STOL Handling Qualities Criteria of AGARD Report 408," Handling Qualities Criteria, AGARD CP-106, Oct. 1971.

• Several controversial areas associated with V/STOL aircraft are discussed to show that more research is needed to refine their criteria.

Koven, W., and Wasicki, R., "Flying Qualities Requirement for United States Navy and Air Force Aircraft," AGARD-R-336, October 1961.

Hoh, R., "Concepts and Criteria for a Mission Oriented Flying Qualities Specification," AGARD LS-157, May 1988.

--------, "Standard Evaluation Maneuvers Set Contract - Government and Industry Review," McDonnell Douglas, Hamilton Associates, Inc. and Fighter Command International, WPAFB, July, 1991.

A-1. Criteria and Methods

Mark A. Page and Darrell E. Gillette, "Mission-Specific Flying Qualities Criteria," AIAA Paper 94-3491, Aug. 1994.

Vincenti, W.G., "Establishment of Design Requirements: Flying-Quality Specifications for American Aircraft, 1918-1943," in Vincenti, W.G., What Engineers Know and How They Know It, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1990, pp. 51-111.

Gibson, J., "The Development of Alternate Criteria for FBW Handling Qualities," Flying Qualities, AGARD-508, Oct. 1990.

• This paper presents the development of criteria to address problems in flight path, flight attitude, PIO, and lateral-directional handling.

Shirk, F. J., and Moorehouse, D. J., "Alternative Design Guidelines for Pitch Tracking," AIAA 87-2289, Proceedings AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, Monterey, CA, August, 1987, pp. 40 - 48.

Bland, M., et al., "Alternative Design Guidelines for Pitch Tracking," AIAA 87-2289, August 1987.

McRuer, D., "Progress and Pitfalls in Advanced Flight Control Systems," AGARD CP- 321.

Bosworth, J., and Cox, H., "A Design Procedure for the Handling Qualities Optimization of the X-29A Aircraft," AIAA 89-3428, Boston, Mass., August 1989.

Gibson, J., "Piloted Handling Qualities Design Criteria for High Order Flight Control System," AGARD CP-333, April 1982.

Hodgkinson, J., and LaManna, W., "Equivalent System Approaches to Handling Qualities Analysis and Design Problems of Augmented Aircraft," AIAA Atmospheric Flight Conference, Hollywood, FL, August 1977.

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direct comments and suggestions to W.H. Mason, mason@aoe.vt.edu